in the western part

[NPR]

LUSITANIA (-AE) (F)

adjective (of the west or the West: Western customs/clothes.) del oeste

western¹ adj occidental / del oeste

western² n película del oeste

◊ western or -terns) western

tr['westən]

adjective

1 del oeste, occidental

noun

1 (cinema) western nombre masculino

western ['wɛstərn] adj

1) : Occidental, del Oeste

2) : occidental, oeste

western (Cinema)

• película del oeste s.f.

• occidental adj.

a) ( Geog) oeste adj inv, del oeste, occidental

b) ( occidental) (Geog, Pol) occidental

c) ( of US West) del oeste, de los estados del oeste

noun western m, película f (or novela f etc) del Oeste or de vaqueros

ADJ occidental

N (=film) western m, película f del oeste

* * *

a) ( Geog) oeste adj inv, del oeste, occidental

b) ( occidental) (Geog, Pol) occidental

c) ( of US West) del oeste, de los estados del oeste

noun western m, película f (or novela f etc) del Oeste or de vaqueros

1) западный; относящийся к западу

2)

а) западный, находящийся на западе

- Western Australia

- Western Isles

- Western Sahara

- Western Samoa

- Western Hemisphere

б) выходящий на запад, обращённый на запад

в) заходящий, клонящийся к закату ( о солнце)

3) идущий с запада ( о шторме); дующий с запада ( о ветре)

4) амер.

а) западный, относящийся к западным штатам

б) ковбойский (о фильме и т. п.)

5) рел. относящийся к западной, римской церкви ( богослужение в которой происходит на латинском языке)

1) = westerner 1)

2) вестерн ( ковбойский фильм или роман)

3) рел. приверженец западной, римской церкви

SUBJECT AREA: Ports and shipping

[br]

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[br]

Peter the Great was a man with a single-minded approach to problems and with passionate and lifelong interests in matters scientific, military and above all maritime. The unusual and dominating rule of his vast lands brought about the age of Russian enlightenment, and ensured that his country became one of the most powerful states in Europe.

Peter's interest in ships and shipbuilding started in his childhood; c. 1687 he had an old English-built day sailing boat repaired and launched, and on it he learned the rudiments of sailing and navigation. This craft (still preserved in St Petersburg) became known as the "Grandfather of the Russian Navy". In the years 1688 to 1693 he established a shipyard on Lake Plestsheev and then began his lifelong study of shipbuilding by visiting and giving encouragement to the industry at Archangelsk on the White Sea and Voronezh in the Sea of Azov. In October 1696, Peter took Azov from the Turks, and the Russian Fleet ever since has regarded that date as their birthday. Setting an example to the young aristocracy, Peter travelled to Western Europe to widen his experience and contacts and also to learn the trade of shipbuilding. He worked in the shipyards of Amsterdam and then at the Naval Base of Deptford on the Thames.

The war with Sweden concentrated his attention on the Baltic and, to establish a base for trading and for the Navy, the City of St Petersburg was constructed on marshland. The Admiralty was built in the city and many new shipyards in the surrounding countryside, one being the Olonez yard which in 1703 built the frigate Standart, the first for the Baltic Fleet, which Peter himself commanded on its first voyage. The military defence of St Petersburg was effected by the construction of Kronstadt, seawards of the city.

Throughout his life Peter was involved in ship design and it is estimated that one thousand ships were built during his reign. He introduced the building of standard ship types and also, centuries ahead of its time, the concept of prefabrication, unit assembly and the building of part hulls in different places. Officially he was the designer of the ninety-gun ship Lesnoe of 1718, and this may have influenced him in instituting Rules for Shipbuilders and for Seamen. In 1716 he commanded the joint fleets of the four naval powers: Denmark, Britain, Holland and Russia.

He established the Marine Academy, organized and encouraged exploration and scientific research, and on his edict the St Petersburg Academy of Science was opened. He was not averse to the recruitment of foreigners to key posts in the nation's service. Peter the Great was a remarkable man, with the unusual quality of being a theorist and an innovator, in addition to the endowments of practicality and common sense.

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AK / FMW

western

Europa f occidentale Western Europe

* * *

occidentale agg. western; (spec. nei nomi geografici) west; ( da occidente) westerly: la costa occidentale, the west coast; vento occidentale, westerly (o west) wind; l'Europa occidentale, Western Europe; le Indie Occidentali, the West Indies; Africa occidentale, West Africa; paesi occidentali, western countries; la parte occidentale della città fu danneggiata da un terremoto, the western part of the city was damaged by an earthquake; civiltà occidentale, western (o occidental) civilization; avere una mentalità occidentale, to have a western mentality // all'occidentale, western-style: vestire all'occidentale, to dress in western fashion // (pol.) il blocco occidentale, the western bloc

◆ s.m. e f. Westerner, Occidental.

* * *

1. agg

Geog western, west, (vento) westerly, (cultura, paesi) Western

2. sm/f

* * *

1) [zona, costa, frontiera] western, west; [ vento] west, westerly

2) pol. [mondo, potenze] Western

sostantivo maschile e sostantivo femminile Westerner

* * *

occidentale

/ott∫iden'tale/ ⇒ 29

I aggettivo

 1 [ zona, costa, frontiera] western, west; [ vento] west, westerly; Europa occidentale western Europe

 2 pol. [ mondo, potenze] Western

II m. e f.

 Westerner.

west, western.

viento oeste west wind

tiempo nuboso en la mitad oeste de la región overcast in the western half of the region

partieron con rumbo oeste they set off westward(s)

west.

viento del oeste west wind

ir hacia el oeste to go west(wards)

está al oeste de Madrid it's (to the) west of Madrid

el lejano oeste the Wild West

* * *

► nombre masculino

1 west

► adjetivo

1 (ala, viento) west; (rumbo) westerly

\

en dirección oeste westward

el lejano Oeste the Far West

el Oeste americano the American West

películas del oeste westerns

viento oeste west wind, westerly

* * *

* * *

ADJ [región] western; [dirección] westerly; [viento] west, westerly

2. SM

1) (=punto cardinal) west

2) [de región, país] west

3) (=viento) west wind

* * *

adjetivo invariable < región> western

a) (parte, sector)

b) ( punto cardinal) west, West

c) el Oeste ( de los Estados Unidos) the West

* * *

= west.

Ex. I am frequently taken to task as someone who would try to destroy the integrity of certain catalogs on the west Coast.

----

* al extremo oeste = westernmost.

* al oeste de = west of.

* del oeste = westerly.

* derecho hacia el oeste = due west.

* directamente hacia el oeste = due west.

* dirigirse hacia el oeste = push + westward(s).

* encaminarse hacia el oeste = push + westward(s).

* en dirección oeste = westbound, westward(s).

* exactamente al oeste = due west.

* habitante del oeste = Westerner.

* hacia el oeste = westward(s), westbound.

* Lejano Oeste, el = Wild West, the.

* Medio Oeste, el = Midwest, the.

* música del oeste = western dance.

* noroeste = northwest [north west].

* novela del oeste = western, western story.

* película del oeste = Western film.

* viento del oeste = westerly wind, westerly.

* * *

adjetivo invariable < región> western

a) (parte, sector)

b) ( punto cardinal) west, West

c) el Oeste ( de los Estados Unidos) the West

* * *

* * *

[ Vocabulary notes (Spanish) ] ‹región› western

en la parte oeste del país in the western part of the country

conducían en dirección oeste they were driving west o westward(s), they were driving in a westerly direction

la costa oeste the west coast

el ala oeste the west wing

la cara oeste de la montaña the west o western face of the mountain

[ Vocabulary notes (Spanish) ]

(parte, sector): el oeste the west

en el oeste de la provincia in the west of the province

está al oeste de Oaxaca it lies o it is (to the) west of Oaxaca

viven al oeste de Camagüey they live west of Camagüey

2 (punto cardinal) west, West

el Sol se pone por el Oeste the sun sets in the west

vientos fuertes del Oeste strong westerly winds, strong winds from the west

la avenida va de Este a Oeste the avenue runs east-west

caminaron hacia el Oeste they walked west o westward(s)

vientos moderados del sector sur rotando al oeste moderate winds from the south becoming o veering westerly

el balcón da al oeste the balcony faces west

está más al oeste it's further west

el Oeste (de los Estados Unidos) the West

una película/novela del Oeste a Western

el Oeste ( Pol) the West

Oeste (en bridge) West

* * *

◊ oeste) W, West

a) (parte, sector):

◊ el oeste the west;

b) ( punto cardinal) west, West;

◊ vientos del Ooeste westerly winds;

◊ el Oeste ( de los Estados Unidos) the West;

* * *

♦ adj inv

la cara oeste del pico the west face of the mountain;

la costa oeste the west coast;

tiempo nuboso en la mitad oeste de la región overcast in the western half of the region;

partieron con rumbo oeste they set off westward(s);

un frente frío que se desplaza en dirección oeste a cold front moving westward(s)

♦ nm

1. [zona] west;

está al oeste de Madrid it's (to the) west of Madrid;

la fachada da al oeste the facade faces west;

viento del oeste west wind;

habrá lluvias en el oeste (del país) there will be rain in the west (of the country);

ir hacia el oeste to go west(wards)

2. [punto cardinal] West;

el sol se pone por el Oeste the sun sets in the West

3. [viento] westerly

4. [de Estados Unidos] West;

el lejano Oeste the Wild West;

una película del Oeste a western

* * *

m west;

al oeste de west of

* * *

oeste adj

1) : west, western

la región oeste: the western region

2) : westerly

oeste nm

1) : west, West

2) : west wind

* * *

oeste n west

अपर a. (treated as a pronoun in some senses)

1 Having nothing higher or superior, unrivalled. matchless; without rival or second (नास्ति परो यस्मात्); स्त्रीरत्नसृष्टिर- परा प्रतिभाति सा मे Ś.2.1; cf. अनुत्तम, अनुत्तर.

-2 [न पृणाति संतोषयति पृ अच्] (a) Another, other (used as adj. or subst.). वासांसि जीर्णानि यथा विहाय नवानि गृह्णाति नरो$पराणि Bg.2.22. (b) More, additional; कृतदारो$परान् दारान् Ms.11.5. (c) Second, another Pt.4.37; स्वं केशवो$पर इवाक्रमितुं प्रवृत्तः Mk.5.2 like another (rival) Keśava. (d) Different; other; अन्ये कृतयुगे धर्मास्त्रेतायां द्वापरे$परे Ms. 1.85; Ks.26.235; Pt.4.6 (with gen.). (e) Ordinary, of the middle sort (मध्यम); परितप्तो$प्यपरः सुसंवृतिः Śi. 16.23.

-3 Belonging to another, not one's own (opp. स्व); यदि स्वाश्चापराश्चैव विन्देरन् योषितो द्विजाः Ms.9.85 of another caste.

-4 Hinder, posterior, latter, later, (in time space) (opp. पूर्व); the last; पूर्वां सन्ध्यां जपंस्तिष्ठेत्स्वकाले चापरां चिरम् Ms.4.93; रात्रेरपरः कालः Nir.; oft. used as first member of a genitive Tatpuruṣa comp. meaning 'the hind part,' 'latter part or half'; ˚पक्षः the latter half of a month; ˚हेमन्तः latter half of a winter; ˚कायः hind part of the body &c.; ˚वर्षा, ˚शरद् latter part of the rains, autumn &c.

-5 Following, the next.

-6 Western; पयसि प्रतित्सुरपराम्बुनिधेः Śi.9.1. पूर्वापरौ तोयनिधी वगाह्य Ku. 1.1; Mu.4.21

-7 Inferior, lower (निकृष्टः); अपरेयमि- तस्त्वन्यां प्रकृतिं विद्धि मे पराम् Bg.7.5.

-8 (In Nyāya) Non-extensive, not covering too much, one of the two kinds of सामान्य, see Bhāṣā P.8. (परं = अधिकवृत्ति higher अपरम् = न्यूनवृत्ति lower or अधिकदेशवृत्तित्वं परं, अल्पदेशवृत्तित्वं अपरम् Muktā.)

-9 Distant; opposite. When अपर is used in the singular as a correlative to एक the one, former, it means the other, the latter; एको ययौ चैत्ररथप्रदेशान् सौराज्य- रम्यानपरो विदर्भान् R.5.6; when used in pl. it means 'others', 'and others', and the words generally used as its correlatives are एके, केचित्-काश्चित् &c., अपरे, अन्ये; केचिद् रक्तपटीकृताश्च जटिलाः कापालिकाश्चापरे Pt.4.34; एके समूहुर्बलरेणुसंहतिं शिरोभिराज्ञामपरे महीभृतः Śi.12.45 some-others; शाखिनः केचिदध्यष्ठुर्न्यमाङ्क्षुरपरे$म्बुधौ । अन्ये त्वलङ्घिषुः शैलान् गुहास्त्वन्ये न्यलेषत ॥ केचिदासिषत स्तब्धा भयात्केचिदघूर्णिषुः । उदतारिषुरम्भोधिं वानराः सेतुनापरे Bk. 15.31.33.

-रः 1 the hind foot of an ele- phant; बद्धापराणि परितो निगडान्यलावीत् Śi.5.48 (Malli. चरमपादाग्राणि).

-2 An enemy (न पृणाति सन्तोषयति).

-रा 1 Western direction, the west अपरां च दिशं प्राप्तो वालिना समभिद्रुतः Rām.4.46.18.

-2 The hind part of an ele- phant.

-3 Sacred learning, learning the four Vedas with the 6 Aṅgas.

-4 The womb; the outer skin of the embryo.

-5 Suppressed menstruation in pregnancy.

-री Ved. The future, future times; उतापरीभ्यो मघवा विजिग्ये Rv.1.32.13.

-रम् 1 The future, any thing to be done in future (कार्य); तदेतद्ब्रह्मापूर्वमपरमनन्तम् Bṛi. Ār. Up. (नास्ति अपरं कार्यं यस्य).

-2 The hind quarter of an elephant.

-रम् adv. Again, moreover, in future, for the future; अपरं च moreover; अपरेण behind, west of, to the west of (with gen. or acc.). [cf. Goth. afar; Germ. aber, as in aberglauben].

-Comp. -अग्नि (अग्नी dual)

1 the southern and western fires (दक्षिण and गार्हपत्य).

-2 the last fire i. e. used at the funeral ceremony (˚ग्निः).

-अङ्गम् one of the 8 divisions of गुणीभूतव्यङ्ग्य (the second kind of काव्य) mentioned in K. P.5. In this the व्यङ्ग्य or suggested sense is subordinate to something else; अगूढमपरस्याङ्गम्; अपरस्य रसादेर्वाच्यस्य वा (वाक्यार्थीभूतस्य) अङ्गं रसादि अनुरणनरूपं वा; e. g. अयं स रसनोत्कर्षी पीनस्तनविमर्दनः । नाभ्यूरुजघनस्पर्शी नीवीविस्रंसनः करः ॥ where शृङ्गार is subordi- nate to करुण.

-अन्त a. living at the western borders.

(-न्तः) 1 the western border or extremity, the extreme end or term. the western shore.

-2 (pl.) the country or inhabitants of the western borders near the Sahya mountain; अपरान्तजयोद्यतैः (अनीकैः) R.4.53 Western people. दशार्णाश्चापरान्ताश्च द्विपानां मध्यमा मताः Kau.A.1.2.

-3 the kings of this country.

-4 death, Pātañjala Yogadarśana 3.22. ˚ज्ञानम् anticipation of one's end.

-5 the hind foot of an elephant; मृदुचलदपरान्तोदीरितान्दूनिनादम् Śi.11.7;18.32.

-6 Islander, inhabitant of an island (द्वीपवासिन्) कोट्यापरान्ताः सामुद्रा रत्नान्युपहरन्तु ते Rām.2.82.8.

-अन्तकः 1. = ˚अन्तः pl.

-2 N. of a song; अपरान्तकमुल्लोप्यं मद्रकं प्रकरीं तथा । औवेणकं सरोबिन्दुमुत्तरं गीतकानि च ॥ Y3.113; ˚अन्तिका N. of a metre consisting of 64 mātrās.

-अपराः, -रे, -राणि another and another, several, various.

-अपरम् ind. Further and further (उत्तरोत्तरम्); अहं हि वचनं त्वत्तः शुश्रूषुरपरापरम् Mb.5.136.14.

-अर्धम् the latter or second half.

-अह्न [fr.अहन् changed to अह्न P.II. 4.29, V.4.88.] the latter part of the day, the after- noon, closing or last watch of the day; Ms.3.278; अपराह्णशीतलतरेण शनैरनिलेन Śi.9.4; ˚तन, ˚ह्णेतन belonging to this time; ˚कृतं P.II.1.45.

-इतरा the east.

-कान्य- कुब्ज a. situated in or belonging to the western part of Kānyakubja.

-कालः later period.

-गात्रम् a minor limb (hand, foot etc.); कोपप्रसादापरगात्रहस्तः (सुप्तः क्षितौ) रावणगन्धहस्ती) Rām.6.19.1.

-गोदानम् (also गोडनि or गोडानि) N. of a country to the west of Mahāmeru (according to Buddhistic ideas).

-ज a. born later or at the end of the world. (

-जः) the destroying fire.

-जनः an inhaditant of the west, the western people.

-दक्षिणम् ind. in the south-west (belonging to the तिष्ठद्गु class).

-पक्षः 1 the second or dark half of the month.

-2 the other or opposite side; a defendant (in law).

-पञ्चालाः the western Pañchālas.

-पर a. one and the other, several, various; अपरपराः सार्थाः गच्छन्ति P.VI.1.144. Sk. several caravans go; (अपरे च परे च सकृदेव गच्छन्ति).

-पाणिनीयाः the pupils of Pāṇini living in the west.

-प्रणेय a. easily led or influenced by others, docile, tractable.

-भावः 1 being another or different, differ- ence.

-2 succession, continuation.

-रात्रः [अपरं रात्रेः] the latter or closing part of night, the last watch of night (P.V.4.87); उत्थायापररात्रान्ते प्रयताः सुसमाहिताः Bhāg.8.4.24. ˚कृतम् P.II.1.45.

-लोकः the other world, the next world. Paradise.

-वक्त्रा, -क्त्रम् N. of a metre.

-वैराग्यम् a kind of Vairāgya mentioned by Patañjali (दुष्टानुश्राविकविषयवितृष्णस्य वशीकारसंज्ञं वैराग्यम्).

-सक्थम् the hind thigh.

-स्वस्तिकम् the western point in the horizon.

-हैमन a. belonging to the latter helf of winter (P.VII.3.11).

अस्तः [अस्यन्ते सूर्यकिरणा यत्र अस्-आधारे क्त]

1 Setting, western mountain (behind which the Sun is supposed to set); यश्चैष विन्ध्यास्तमहेन्द्रकल्पो... अधिरोढुमस्तगि- रिमभ्यपतत् Śi.9.1; विडम्बयत्यस्तनिमग्नसूर्यम् R.16.11; यात्येक्रतो$स्तशिखरं पतिरोषधीनाम् Ś.4.2.

-2 Sunset.

-3 Setting in general; (fig.) fall, decline; see below.

-4 Conjunction of a planet with the Sun; शुक्रास्त, बुधास्त &c.

-स्तम् 1 Home, abode, residence (Ved.); तमग्निमस्ते वसवो न्यृण्वन् Rv.7.1.2,1.34.1.

-2 Death, end. आकाशं प्रत्यस्तं यन्ति Ch. Up.1.9.1.

-3 The seventh house (in astr.; लग्नात्सप्तमं स्थानम्).

-स्तम् ind. At home, home; अस्तं गम्, -या-इ-प्राप् (a) To set, decline in the western horizon; गतो$स्तमर्कः the Sun has set; (fig.) it is time to do the duties to be performed at sunset; e. g. for a cowherd to drive home his cattle, for a religious person to begin his prayers, for a thief to begin his nightly work &c.; कथमिहैव युवयोरस्तमितः सूर्यः V.3. and Sar. S. 1. (b) To cease, vanish, be removed, disappear, be at an end; विषयिणः कस्यापदो$ स्तं गताः Pt. 1.146. धृतिरस्तमिता R.8.66; दण्डेनास्तमितत्विषा Ku.2.23; अस्तिमितैषा कथा K.156 at an end, over; 198,24. (c) to die; अथ चास्तमिता त्वमात्मना R.8.51,12.11.

-Comp. -अचलः, -अद्रिः, -गिरिः, -पर्वतः the setting or western mountain. अधिरोढुमस्तगिरिमभ्यपतत् Śi.9.1.

-अवलम्बनम् the resting of a heavenly body on the western part of the horizon, being about to set.

-उदयौ (dual) rising and setting, rise and fall; अस्तोदयावदिशद- प्रविभिन्नकालम् Mu.3.17.

-ग a. set, become invisible (as a planet or star).

-गमनम् 1 setting, disappear- ance.

-2 death, sunset of life; Māl.9.

-निमग्न a. Set (as the Sun); विडम्बयत्यस्तनिमग्नसूर्यम् R.16.11.

-मस्तकः, -शिखरः The top of the setting mountain; Ś.4.2.

-समयः The moment of Sunset, the moment of end or death; करजालमस्तसमये$पि सताम् Śi.9.5.

1 to cobble.

2 to pave, to cobble.

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► verbo transitivo

1 to cobble, pave

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VT to pave, cobble

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verbo transitivo to pave

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= cobble, pave.

Ex. By ca.1500 the western part of the site had largely been cleared and the area cobbled over.

Ex. The course of the race contains many steep hills, often paved with cobblestones.

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verbo transitivo to pave

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adoquinar [A1 ]

to pave

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adoquinar vt

to cobble

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v/t pave

SUBJECT AREA: Recording

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He graduated from the Dover Academy (Delaware) in 1882 and was apprenticed in a machine-repair firm in Philadelphia and studied in evening classes at the Spring Garden Institute. In 1888 he took employment in a small Philadelphia machine shop owned by Andrew Scull, specializing in repair and bookbinding machinery. After travels in the western part of the US, in 1891 he became a partner in Scull \& Johnson, Manufacturing Machinists, and established a further company, the New Jersey Wire Stitching Machine Company. He bought out Andrew Scull's interest in October 1894 (the last instalment being paid in 1897) and became an independent general machinist. In 1896 he had perfected a spring motor for the Berliner flat-disc gramophone, and he started experimenting with a more direct method of recording in a spiral groove: that of cutting in wax. Co-operation with Berliner eventually led to the incorporation of the Victor Talking Machine Company in 1901. The innumerable court cases stemming from the fact that so many patents for various elements in sound recording and reproduction were in very many hands were brought to an end in 1903 when Johnson was material in establishing cross-licencing agreements between Victor, Columbia Graphophone and Edison to create what is known as a patent pool. Early on, Johnson had a thorough experience in all matters concerning the development and manufacture of both gramophones and records. He made and patented many major contributions in all these fields, and his approach was very business-like in that the contribution to cost of each part or process was always a decisive factor in his designs. This attitude was material in his consulting work for the sister company, the Gramophone Company, in London before it set up its own factories in 1910. He had quickly learned the advantages of advertising and of providing customers with durable equipment and records. This motivation was so strong that Johnson set up a research programme for determining the cause of wear in records. It turned out to depend on groove profile, and from 1911 one particular profile was adhered to and processes for transforming the grooves of valuable earlier records were developed. Without precise measuring instruments, he used the durability as the determining factor. Johnson withdrew more and more to the role of manager, and the Victor Talking Machine Company gained such a position in the market that the US anti-trust legislation was used against it. However, a generation change in the Board of Directors and certain erroneous decisions as to product line started a decline, and in February 1926 Johnson withdrew on extended sick leave: these changes led to the eventual sale of Victor. However, Victor survived due to the advent of radio and the electrification of replay equipment and became a part of Radio Corporation of America. In retirement Johnson took up various activities in the arts and sciences and financially supported several projects; his private yacht was used in 1933 in work with the Smithsonian Institution on a deep-sea hydrographie and fauna-collecting expedition near Puerto Rico.

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πραιτώριον, ου, τό (Lat. loanw.: praetorium. Attested in Gk. in ins and pap s. CWessely, WienerStud 24, 1902, 144; UWilcken, APF 2, 1903, 138; 4, 1908, 116; 121; s. also PPetaus 47, 44; 48, 2; B-D-F §5, 1; Rob. 109) the praetorium, orig. the praetor’s tent in camp, w. its surroundings. In the course of its history (sketched by MDibelius, exc. on Phil 1:13) the word also came to designate the governor’s official residence (IG XIV, 2548 τοῦ ἡγεμονικοῦ πραιτωρίου; SIG 880, 63; BGU 288, 14; POxy 471, 110). This is the mng. of the word in the gospels Mt 27:27; Mk 15:16; J 18:28ab, 33; 19:9. But it is a matter of dispute whether it refers to the palace of Herod in the western part of the city (Schürer I 361 w. reff. to Jos., Bell. 2, 14, 8; 15, 5 and Philo, Leg. 38; REckardt, Das Praetorium des Pilatus: ZDPV 34, 1911, 39–48; Dalman, Orte³ 355–63 [Eng. tr. 335–45]; JBlinzler, Der Prozess Jesu³, ’60, 183–86; PBenoit, RB 59, ’52, 531–50, HTR 64, 71, 135–67; RMackowski; Jerusalem, City of Jesus ’80, 102–11; JMurphy-O’Connor, The Holy Land, rev. ed. ’86) or to the fortress Antonia northwest of the temple area (so the later trad. and SMeistermann, Le Prétoire de Pilate et la forteresse Antonia 1902; CSachsse, ZNW 19, 1920, 34–38; CLattey, JTS 31, 1930, 180–82; HVincent, L’Antonia et le Prétoire: RB 42, ’33, 83–113, Autour du Prétoire: ibid. 46, ’37, 563–70; JFinegan, Archaelogy of the NT ’69, 156–62). On the Hasmonean royal palace as site of Pilate’s praetoruim s. BPixner, ZDPV 95, ’79, 65–86, also ABD s.v. ‘Praetorium’ (lit.); against this ancient identification s. Dalman above. Of a palace of Herod GJs 21:2 (codd.). In Caesarea, at any rate, the palace of Herod served as the ‘praetorium’. Paul was imprisoned ἐν τῷ πραιτωρίῳ τοῦ Ἡρῴδου Ac 23:35. ELohmeyer (Phil 1930, 3; 40f) places Phil 1:13 here; this conclusion is variously regarded, depending on one’s conception of the place where Paul was imprisoned. If the letter was written fr. Rome, the words ἐν ὅλῳ τῷ πραιτωρίῳ are best taken to mean in the whole praetorian (or imperial) guard (EHaupt, PEwald, et al.). If it belongs to a non-Roman imprisonment, τὸ πραιτώριον beside οἱ λοιποί includes those who live in the governor’s palace (s. PFeine [s.v. Φίλιπποι] p. 72f; 88 and the other lit. given there).—Pauly-W. XXII 2535–37, Suppl. IX 1180f; Kl. Pauly IV 1117; BHHW III 1482; ABD V 322f, 447f. M-M. EDNT.

community, assemblage, association

Woody and forest-like vegetation only occurred on the fringes of perennial rivers, although improverished(угнетенный) and degraded forms were present along temporary watercourses, dongas and where outcrops (of dolerit dikes) brought groundwater (грунтовые воды) to the surface .

Large areas of hillslopes in the False Upper Caroo are also covered by associations of A, with dominant association of B on gentle slopes, and of C on the steeper hillsides. These are all quite open associations with abundant grass coverage, interpersed with dwarf shrubs, low trees and patches of shrubs, all representing a sclerophyllous evergreen savanna shrub. .

In the western part these woods belong to the type A, whilst further eastward the type B dominate. These are not tall woods, and average height vary between 4 and 10 m. On the numerous steep (dolerite) hillsides found between points A and B, mainly two associations predominate .

This "forest reserve" is primarily grassland: montane from 1 300 to 1 800 m. with subalpine and alpine communities above 1 800 m .

1. westerner, person who comes from the western part of a place. 2. Westerner, Occidental. 3. westernized person. 4. Western, Occidental (person).

1. रेगिस्तान

Rajasthan is in the Thar desert in the western part of Inidia.

1. वीरान\desertहो\desertजाना

The park was completely deserted by this time in the evening.

2. छोड़\desertदेना

The mother deserted her children

Ărī̆a, ae, f., = Areia acc. to Arrian, or Aria acc. to Strabo and Ptolem. (cf. Crusius, Lex. of Proper Names), a Persian province between Hyrcania, Gedrosia, and India, now the western part of Chorasan; hence, with the appel. Ariana, q. v., Manil 4, 802; Plin. 6, 23, 25, § 93.— Arĭi, ōrum, m.

The inhabitants of the above country, Plin. 6, 25, 29, § 113.—

A tribe of the Lygii, Tac. G. 43.

Ărĭa, ae, f., = Aria, an island in the Pontus Euxinus, Mel. 2, 7, 2; Plin. 6, 12, 13, § 30.